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Monday, 1 June 2015

MLA Citation Examples

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MLA Citation Examples

Some General Rules

In-Text Citations


What You Are Citing
In-Text Citation
The entire work
(or a work that has no page numbers)
Include information in the text of your paper that will allow the reader to locate the source in your works cited list.
If it is not possible to include this information in the text, follow the sentence where the citation needs to be made with an in-text citation containing only the name of the author.
In his article "Allston Gothic," local historian Forman Jackson demonstrates how completely the neighborhood's gruesome past has been forgotten by its residents.
OR
A recent newspaper article demonstrated just how thoroughly the neighborhood's gruesome past has been forgotten by its residents (Jackson).
A specific page
(Cortois 70)
If the author's name is included in the text of the sentence where the citation takes place
Jacobs has argued this point (190-210).
Multi-volume set
(Green 1: 112-14)
"1" is the volume number.
Citing multiple authors
See Authors, below.


Authors

One author
Example:
Works Cited List
Example:
In-Text Citation
Courtois, Charles A.
(Cortois 70)


Two or three authors
Example:
Works Cited List
Example:
In-Text Citation
Martin, Jonathan A., and Christopher Jackson.
Hughes, Jane C., Elizabeth V. Brestan, and Linda Anne Valle.
(Martin and Jackson 127-28)
(Hughes, Brestan, and Valle 2-3)


Four or more authors
Example:
Works Cited List
Example:
In-Text Citation
Fontela, Pablo, Antonio Sorio, Javier Mielgo, and Juan de Blas.
or
Fontela, Pablo, et al.
If a work has more than 3 authors, MLA gives you the option of listing only the first author followed by "et al" (Latin for "and others").
(Fontela, Sorio, Mielgo, and Blas 153-54)
or
(Fontela et al. 153-54)


Group author
Example:
Works Cited List
Example:
In-Text Citation
Modern Language Association.
(Modern Language Association 111)


No authors listed
Example:
Works Cited List
Example:
In-Text Citation
"None to Claim Their Bones: Relics of an Old Brooklyn Graveyard." New York Times 8 Apr. 1888: 3-4. ProQuest Newspapers. Web. 10 June 2006.
List that source by title in your works cited list. The title should be followed by the name of the source in the citation, and the remainder of the citation composed as appropriate for the source type. Alphabetize reference list entries beginning with a title using the primary word of the title (excluding a, an, or the).

("None to Claim Their Bones" 3)

In-text citations should include the title and the page number(s) of the text you are quoting or referring to, with the titles of articles in quotations, and the titles of books or Web sites italicized. In cases where the title contains a colon, use only the text before the colon in the in-text citation.

Titles

Titles of books, periodicals, art works, reports and Web sites are italicized. Please check the appropriate sample citation on this page to make sure you are using italics correctly.

Dates

With the exception of May, June and July, the names of the months must be abbreviated in MLA works cited lists as follows:
  • January = Jan.
  • February = Feb.
  • March = Mar.
  • April = Apr.
  • August = Aug.
  • September = Sept.
  • October= Oct.
  • November = Nov.
  • December = Dec.
Undated Sources: Use "n.d." (for "no date") in the appropriate place in your citation. When this is used after a period in a citation, capitalize the "n" ("N.d.").
Source
Example
No date given
Knowles, Allison. House of Dust. N.d. Sculpture. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York. Grove Art Online. Web. 7 Aug. 2006.


Volume and Issue Numbers

Volume and issue numbers are often not available for articles in online periodicals. In these cases simply follow the date of the magazine or journal with a period in your works cited list citation, omitting the volume number where necessary.
Source
Example
Journal volume and issue number available
Child and Family Behavior Therapy 26.1 (2004).
26 is the volume number and 1 is the issue number.
Online periodical where volume and issue numbers are not given
Journal of Family Counseling (2004).


Page Numbers


Source
Example
Page range whose first number is over 100
125-35 (not 125-135)
3200-22 (not 3200-3222)
Do not repeat any numbers that can be easily inferred by the reader. This is done to minimize the length of works cited lists.
Online periodical where page numbers are not given
American Psychologist 59 (2004): n. pag.
Follow the date of the magazine or journal with "n. pag."


Citing a Source within a Source

Scenario: You read an article by Brown that cites, on page 424, another article by Larsen. You want to cite Larsen's article, but you have not read Larsen's article itself.
Works Cited List
In-Text Citation
Brown, J. D. "Librarians as Business People: A Review of the Literature." Journal of For-Profit Librarianship 28 (2006): 421-436. Academic Search Premier. Web. 15 May 2007.
Your Works Cited list will contain the article you read, by Brown. Your Works Cited list will NOT contain a citation for Larsen's article.
Larsen's study (cited in Brown 424) found that...
Your in-text citation gives credit to Larsen and shows the source in which you found Larsen's ideas.
OR
Larsen writes, "Today's librarian is part teacher, part entrepreneur" (qtd. in Brown 424).
If Brown's article quotes Larsen's article directly and you want to use that quotation, MLA style employs the abbreviation "qtd. in" for "quoted in."


Articles

Academic Journals:


Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Hughes, Jane C., Elizabeth V. Brestan, and Linda Anne Valle. "Problem-Solving Interactions between Mothers and Children." Child and Family Behavior Therapy 26.1 (2004): 1-16. PsycINFO. Web. 12 Nov. 2006.
Free Web
Martin, Pearl Y., and Sonia Jackson. "Educational Success for Children in Public Care: Advice from a Group of High Achievers." Child and Family Social Work 7.2 (2002): 121-30. Web. 15 Nov. 2006.
In print
Hughes, Jane C., Elizabeth V. Brestan, and Linda Anne Valle. "Problem-Solving Interactions between Mothers and Children." Child and Family Behavior Therapy 26.1 (2004): 1-16. Print.
More info


Tip:
  • Include volume and issue number (example: "26.1") when both are available.

Magazines:

-Daily or Weekly Magazines


Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Borowitz, Adam. "Pavlov's Brother." New Yorker 11 Nov. 2004: 63-65.Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Nov. 2006.
Free Web
Springen, Karen. "Artful Aging." Newsweek 25 Jan. 2005: n. pag. Web. 12 May 2005.
In print
Borowitz, Adam. "Pavlov's Brother." New Yorker 11 Nov. 2004: 63-65. Print.
More info


-Monthly Magazines


Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Ives, Frank, and Jonathan Lydon. "Freud's Vienna Revisited." DiscoverAug. 2005: 16-17. PsycINFO. Web. 15 Mar. 2006.
Free Web
Gelb, Norman. "Winter of Discontent." Smithsonian May 2003: n. pag. Web. 3 Apr. 2005.
In print
Ives, Frank, and Jonathan Lydon. "Freud's Vienna Revisited." DiscoverAug. 2005: 16-17. Print.
More info


Tip:
  • When an issue of a magazine covers several months, the name of the first and last month in the range should be given in the citation, separated by a dash, for example: Apr.-May 2003.

Newspapers


Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Brown, Patricia Leigh. "Tiffany Glass and Other Tales from the Crypt."New York Times 5 Sept. 1999: A1+. ProQuest Newspapers. Web. 10 June 2006.
Free Web
Forman, Jackson. "Allston Gothic." Boston Globe 12 Aug. 2003: n. pag. Web. 12 June 2006.
In print
Brown, Patricia Leigh. "Tiffany Glass and Other Tales from the Crypt."New York Times 5 Sept. 1999: A1+. Print.
More info


Tip:
  • When an article appears on nonconsecutive pages (for example A1 and A6) give only the first page number followed by a "+" as shown above. Give the page number on which the material you've used appears in your in-text citation, for example: (Brown A6).

Encyclopedia Articles


Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Jackson, Keith. “Chesapeake Bay.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2006 ed.Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Web. 14 Sept. 2006.
More info


Book, Film and Product Reviews


Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Grimes, William. "Beyond Mandalay, the Road to Isolation and Xenophobia." Rev. of The River of Lost Footsteps: Histories of Burma, by Thant Myint-U. New York Times 13 Dec. 2006: E8+. ProQuest Newspapers . Web. 11 Dec. 2006.
An untitled book, film, or product review (for example, a review covering multiple works):
Guha, Martin. Rev. of Fleeting Pleasures: A History of Intoxicants, by Mervyn London, and Substance Use among Young People in Urban Environments, by Isidore S. Obot and Shekhar Saxena. Journal of Mental Health 15.2 (2006): 713-16. PsycARTICLES. Web. 2 Apr. 2006.
In print
Grimes, William. "Beyond Mandalay, the Road to Isolation and Xenophobia." Rev. of The River of Lost Footsteps: Histories of Burma, by Thant Myint-U. New York Times 13 Dec. 2006: E8+. Print.
An untitled book, film, or product review (for example, a review covering multiple works):
Guha, Martin. Rev. of Fleeting Pleasures: A History of Intoxicants, by Mervyn London, and Substance Use among Young People in Urban Environments, by Isidore S. Obot and Shekhar Saxena. Journal of Mental Health 15.2 (2006): 713-16. Print.
More info


Tip:
  • The name of the work being reviewed should be preceded by "Rev.", and italics or other formatting done as appropriate for items reviewed and the source of the review itself.

Books


Source
Works Cited List
Basic book
Jans, Nick. The Last Light Breaking: Life among Alaska's Inupiat Eskimos. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books, 1993. Print.
Edited book
Miller, John, and Tim Smith, eds. Cape Cod Stories: Tales from Cape Cod, Nantucket, and Martha's Vineyard. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1996. Print.
Please see the sample citation for a chapter or article in an anthology below for information on citing a component of an edited collection.
Numbered edition other than the first
Arking, Robert. The Biology of Aging: Observations and Principles. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print.
Revised edition
Culliney, John L. Islands in a Far Sea: The Fate of Nature in Hawai'i. Rev. ed. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2006. Print.
Multi-volume set
Green, Constance McLaughlin. Washington. 2 vols. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962-63. Print.
In-text citation: (Green 1: 112-14)
"1" is the volume number.
Chapter or article in an anthology
De Maria, Walter. "The Lightning Field." 1980. Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art: A Sourcebook of Artists' Writings. Ed. Kristine Styles and Peter Selz. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. 527-30. Print.
If the piece being cited was previously published, give the original date of publication after its title as shown above. The page numbers of the chapter or article should follow publication information for the book in your citation. Additional examples of citations for anthology contents can be found on pages 158-9 of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.).
More info


Tips:
  • Note on citation elements in books
    Give the city of publication, publisher's name and year of publication (e.g. "New York: Random House, 1977"). If several cities are listed, give only the first. For cities outside the United States, add an abbreviation of the country (or province for Canadian cities) if you think the location will be unfamilar to your readers, for example:

    • Bells Yew Green, Eng.
    • Neepawa, MB
    A complete list of geographic name abbreviations is available on pages 236-40 of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.), and you can always contact the library if you need help finding an abbreviation.

E-Books


Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Kornblum, William. At Sea in the City: New York from the Water's Edge. Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books, 2002. NetLibrary. Web. 23 June 2006.
Free Web
Seton, Ernest Thompson. The Arctic Prairies: A Canoe-Journey of 2,000 Miles in Search of the Caribou. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1911.Project Gutenberg. Web. 8 May 2006.
Book chapter from a library database (suggested format)
Herlong, Mark. "Traces of the Past in Blagden Alley." Washington Palimpsest. Ed. Ryan Shepard. Washington: Reedbird Hill Press, 2005. 102-15. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Apr. 2006.
Library databases may include chapters from books. Information about the publisher of a book can often be found in the description of the chapter in the database. Author and publisher information may be omitted from your citation if it is not available.
More info


Tips:
  • Note on citation elements in e-books
    Give the city of publication, publisher's name and year of publication (e.g. "Boston: David R. Godine, 1977"). If several cities are listed, give only the first. For cities outside the United States, add an abbreviation of the country (or province for Canadian cities) if you think the location will be unfamiliar to your readers, for example:

    • Bells Yew Green, Eng.
    • Neepawa, MB
    A complete list of geographic name abbreviations is available on pages 236-40 of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.), and you can always contact the library if you need help finding an abbreviation.

Web Sites


Source
Works Cited List
Section of a Web site
"Global Sea Turtle Populations Decline." Sea Turtle Restoration Project. 26 May 2002. Web. 22 Sept. 2006.
Entire Web site
Sea Turtle Restoration Project. Sea Turtle Restoration Project. 2006. Web. 5 Aug. 2006.
More info


Online Classroom Materials


Source
Works Cited List
A document in a UMUC online classroom
Whitford, Denny. "Cross-Curricular Initiatives in NSCI170." Document posted in University of Maryland University College NSCI 170 6981 online classroom. 1 Oct. 2006. Web. 22 Dec. 2006.
No official MLA format for citing online classroom materials exists. This is merely a recommended format to use in citing such documents.
More info


Technical and Research Reports


Source
Works Cited List
Free Web
United States. Government Accountability Office. Information Security: Concerted Effort Needed to Consolidate and Secure Internet Connections at Federal Agencies. Mar. 2010. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. <http://www.gao.gov/assets/310/301876.pdf>.
In print
United States. Government Accountability Office. Information Security: Concerted Effort Needed to Consolidate and Secure Internet Connections at Federal  Agencies. Washington: Government Accountability Office, 2010. Print.
More info


Dissertations and Theses

MLA does not provide official citation formats for dissertations and theses retrieved from online sources, but we recommend the use of the following:

Dissertations


Source
Works Cited List
Dissertations and Theses database
Pecore, Joanna Theresa. "Sounding the Spirit of Cambodia: The Living Tradition of Khmer Music and Dance-Drama in a Washington, D.C. Community." Diss. U of Maryland, College Park, 2004. Dissertations and Theses. Web. 12 June 2006.
Free Web
Caprette, Christopher L. "Conquering the Cold Shudder: The Origin and Evolution of Snake Eyes." Diss. Ohio State U, 2005. Web. 9 Aug. 2006.
In print
Caprette, Christopher L. "Conquering the Cold Shudder: The Origin and Evolution of Snake Eyes." Diss. Ohio State U, 2005. Print.
More info


Master's Theses


Source
Works Cited List
Dissertations and Theses database
Harzbecker, Joseph John. "Life and Death in Washington, D.C.: An Analysis of the Mortality Census of 1850." MA thesis U of Massachusetts, Boston, 1999. Dissertations and Theses. Web. 22 Nov. 2006.
Free Web
Angelova, Anelia Nedelcheva. "Data Pruning." MS thesis California Inst. of Technology, 2004. Web. 29 May 2007.
In print
Angelova, Anelia Nedelcheva. "Data Pruning.” MS thesis California Inst. of Technology, 2004. Print.
More info


Tips:
  • For Masters of Science theses, replace "MA" with "MS".

Images

MLA provides limited guidance on citing images: if you are unable to cite the image that you need to using the formats below, please contact us for assistance.

Titled Image


Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Rousseau, Henri. The Ship in the Storm. 1896. Painting. Musee de l'Orangerie, Paris. Grove Art Online. Web. 22 Nov. 2006.
Free Web
Rousseau, Henri. The Ship in the Storm. 1896. Painting. Musee de l'Orangerie, Paris. Web. 8 Aug. 2006.
The collection which owns the image should be included in your citation along with its location as shown above.
Image reproduced in a printed source
Rousseau, Henri. The Ship in the Storm. 1896. Painting. Musee de l'Orangerie, Paris. Henri Rousseau: Jungles in Paris. By Claire Fresches, et al. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 2006. 232. Print.
More info


Untitled Image

If an image is untitled, create a brief, descriptive title for it. Do not italicize this title or place it in quotes, and capitalize only the first word and any proper nouns.
Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Muybridge, Eadweard. Photograph of a horse running. 1887. National Gallery, London. Grove Art Online. Web. 30 Oct. 2006.
Image reproduced in a printed source
Muybridge, Eadweard. Photograph of a horse running. 1887. National Gallery, London. Eadweard Muybridge: The Father of the Motion Picture. By Gordon Hendricks. New York: Grossman, 1975. 202. Print.
Give the number of the page that the image appears on after the book's publication information.
More info


Tips:
  • If known, the collection which owns the image should be included in your citation along with its location as shown above.

Interviews and E-mail Messages


Source
Works Cited List
Interviews
Brown, Jane. Personal interview. 18 Nov. 2006.
Smith, John. Telephone interview. 12 Aug. 2006.
Whiting, Jennifer. E-mail interview. 2-10 Dec. 2005.
To cite an interview you have conducted as part of your research, give the name of the person you interviewed, the type of interview, and the date or range of dates.
E-mail message
Smith, Joe. "The server is down." E-mail to the author. 18 Nov. 2006.
The name of the recipient of the e-mail should be given in the “e-mail to” line. You should refer to yourself as “the author” as shown above if the e-mail was addressed to you by its writer. The date given should be the date the e-mail was sent.
More info
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