Popular Posts

SLIDESHARE BADGE

View selviraveendran's profile on slideshare

SLIDESHARESHELF

Please view my presentations in Slideshare using the above link.

Monday, 1 June 2015

MLA Citation Examples

Image result for image of citation

MLA Citation Examples

Some General Rules

In-Text Citations


What You Are Citing
In-Text Citation
The entire work
(or a work that has no page numbers)
Include information in the text of your paper that will allow the reader to locate the source in your works cited list.
If it is not possible to include this information in the text, follow the sentence where the citation needs to be made with an in-text citation containing only the name of the author.
In his article "Allston Gothic," local historian Forman Jackson demonstrates how completely the neighborhood's gruesome past has been forgotten by its residents.
OR
A recent newspaper article demonstrated just how thoroughly the neighborhood's gruesome past has been forgotten by its residents (Jackson).
A specific page
(Cortois 70)
If the author's name is included in the text of the sentence where the citation takes place
Jacobs has argued this point (190-210).
Multi-volume set
(Green 1: 112-14)
"1" is the volume number.
Citing multiple authors
See Authors, below.


Authors

One author
Example:
Works Cited List
Example:
In-Text Citation
Courtois, Charles A.
(Cortois 70)


Two or three authors
Example:
Works Cited List
Example:
In-Text Citation
Martin, Jonathan A., and Christopher Jackson.
Hughes, Jane C., Elizabeth V. Brestan, and Linda Anne Valle.
(Martin and Jackson 127-28)
(Hughes, Brestan, and Valle 2-3)


Four or more authors
Example:
Works Cited List
Example:
In-Text Citation
Fontela, Pablo, Antonio Sorio, Javier Mielgo, and Juan de Blas.
or
Fontela, Pablo, et al.
If a work has more than 3 authors, MLA gives you the option of listing only the first author followed by "et al" (Latin for "and others").
(Fontela, Sorio, Mielgo, and Blas 153-54)
or
(Fontela et al. 153-54)


Group author
Example:
Works Cited List
Example:
In-Text Citation
Modern Language Association.
(Modern Language Association 111)


No authors listed
Example:
Works Cited List
Example:
In-Text Citation
"None to Claim Their Bones: Relics of an Old Brooklyn Graveyard." New York Times 8 Apr. 1888: 3-4. ProQuest Newspapers. Web. 10 June 2006.
List that source by title in your works cited list. The title should be followed by the name of the source in the citation, and the remainder of the citation composed as appropriate for the source type. Alphabetize reference list entries beginning with a title using the primary word of the title (excluding a, an, or the).

("None to Claim Their Bones" 3)

In-text citations should include the title and the page number(s) of the text you are quoting or referring to, with the titles of articles in quotations, and the titles of books or Web sites italicized. In cases where the title contains a colon, use only the text before the colon in the in-text citation.

Titles

Titles of books, periodicals, art works, reports and Web sites are italicized. Please check the appropriate sample citation on this page to make sure you are using italics correctly.

Dates

With the exception of May, June and July, the names of the months must be abbreviated in MLA works cited lists as follows:
  • January = Jan.
  • February = Feb.
  • March = Mar.
  • April = Apr.
  • August = Aug.
  • September = Sept.
  • October= Oct.
  • November = Nov.
  • December = Dec.
Undated Sources: Use "n.d." (for "no date") in the appropriate place in your citation. When this is used after a period in a citation, capitalize the "n" ("N.d.").
Source
Example
No date given
Knowles, Allison. House of Dust. N.d. Sculpture. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York. Grove Art Online. Web. 7 Aug. 2006.


Volume and Issue Numbers

Volume and issue numbers are often not available for articles in online periodicals. In these cases simply follow the date of the magazine or journal with a period in your works cited list citation, omitting the volume number where necessary.
Source
Example
Journal volume and issue number available
Child and Family Behavior Therapy 26.1 (2004).
26 is the volume number and 1 is the issue number.
Online periodical where volume and issue numbers are not given
Journal of Family Counseling (2004).


Page Numbers


Source
Example
Page range whose first number is over 100
125-35 (not 125-135)
3200-22 (not 3200-3222)
Do not repeat any numbers that can be easily inferred by the reader. This is done to minimize the length of works cited lists.
Online periodical where page numbers are not given
American Psychologist 59 (2004): n. pag.
Follow the date of the magazine or journal with "n. pag."


Citing a Source within a Source

Scenario: You read an article by Brown that cites, on page 424, another article by Larsen. You want to cite Larsen's article, but you have not read Larsen's article itself.
Works Cited List
In-Text Citation
Brown, J. D. "Librarians as Business People: A Review of the Literature." Journal of For-Profit Librarianship 28 (2006): 421-436. Academic Search Premier. Web. 15 May 2007.
Your Works Cited list will contain the article you read, by Brown. Your Works Cited list will NOT contain a citation for Larsen's article.
Larsen's study (cited in Brown 424) found that...
Your in-text citation gives credit to Larsen and shows the source in which you found Larsen's ideas.
OR
Larsen writes, "Today's librarian is part teacher, part entrepreneur" (qtd. in Brown 424).
If Brown's article quotes Larsen's article directly and you want to use that quotation, MLA style employs the abbreviation "qtd. in" for "quoted in."


Articles

Academic Journals:


Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Hughes, Jane C., Elizabeth V. Brestan, and Linda Anne Valle. "Problem-Solving Interactions between Mothers and Children." Child and Family Behavior Therapy 26.1 (2004): 1-16. PsycINFO. Web. 12 Nov. 2006.
Free Web
Martin, Pearl Y., and Sonia Jackson. "Educational Success for Children in Public Care: Advice from a Group of High Achievers." Child and Family Social Work 7.2 (2002): 121-30. Web. 15 Nov. 2006.
In print
Hughes, Jane C., Elizabeth V. Brestan, and Linda Anne Valle. "Problem-Solving Interactions between Mothers and Children." Child and Family Behavior Therapy 26.1 (2004): 1-16. Print.
More info


Tip:
  • Include volume and issue number (example: "26.1") when both are available.

Magazines:

-Daily or Weekly Magazines


Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Borowitz, Adam. "Pavlov's Brother." New Yorker 11 Nov. 2004: 63-65.Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Nov. 2006.
Free Web
Springen, Karen. "Artful Aging." Newsweek 25 Jan. 2005: n. pag. Web. 12 May 2005.
In print
Borowitz, Adam. "Pavlov's Brother." New Yorker 11 Nov. 2004: 63-65. Print.
More info


-Monthly Magazines


Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Ives, Frank, and Jonathan Lydon. "Freud's Vienna Revisited." DiscoverAug. 2005: 16-17. PsycINFO. Web. 15 Mar. 2006.
Free Web
Gelb, Norman. "Winter of Discontent." Smithsonian May 2003: n. pag. Web. 3 Apr. 2005.
In print
Ives, Frank, and Jonathan Lydon. "Freud's Vienna Revisited." DiscoverAug. 2005: 16-17. Print.
More info


Tip:
  • When an issue of a magazine covers several months, the name of the first and last month in the range should be given in the citation, separated by a dash, for example: Apr.-May 2003.

Newspapers


Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Brown, Patricia Leigh. "Tiffany Glass and Other Tales from the Crypt."New York Times 5 Sept. 1999: A1+. ProQuest Newspapers. Web. 10 June 2006.
Free Web
Forman, Jackson. "Allston Gothic." Boston Globe 12 Aug. 2003: n. pag. Web. 12 June 2006.
In print
Brown, Patricia Leigh. "Tiffany Glass and Other Tales from the Crypt."New York Times 5 Sept. 1999: A1+. Print.
More info


Tip:
  • When an article appears on nonconsecutive pages (for example A1 and A6) give only the first page number followed by a "+" as shown above. Give the page number on which the material you've used appears in your in-text citation, for example: (Brown A6).

Encyclopedia Articles


Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Jackson, Keith. “Chesapeake Bay.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2006 ed.Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Web. 14 Sept. 2006.
More info


Book, Film and Product Reviews


Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Grimes, William. "Beyond Mandalay, the Road to Isolation and Xenophobia." Rev. of The River of Lost Footsteps: Histories of Burma, by Thant Myint-U. New York Times 13 Dec. 2006: E8+. ProQuest Newspapers . Web. 11 Dec. 2006.
An untitled book, film, or product review (for example, a review covering multiple works):
Guha, Martin. Rev. of Fleeting Pleasures: A History of Intoxicants, by Mervyn London, and Substance Use among Young People in Urban Environments, by Isidore S. Obot and Shekhar Saxena. Journal of Mental Health 15.2 (2006): 713-16. PsycARTICLES. Web. 2 Apr. 2006.
In print
Grimes, William. "Beyond Mandalay, the Road to Isolation and Xenophobia." Rev. of The River of Lost Footsteps: Histories of Burma, by Thant Myint-U. New York Times 13 Dec. 2006: E8+. Print.
An untitled book, film, or product review (for example, a review covering multiple works):
Guha, Martin. Rev. of Fleeting Pleasures: A History of Intoxicants, by Mervyn London, and Substance Use among Young People in Urban Environments, by Isidore S. Obot and Shekhar Saxena. Journal of Mental Health 15.2 (2006): 713-16. Print.
More info


Tip:
  • The name of the work being reviewed should be preceded by "Rev.", and italics or other formatting done as appropriate for items reviewed and the source of the review itself.

Books


Source
Works Cited List
Basic book
Jans, Nick. The Last Light Breaking: Life among Alaska's Inupiat Eskimos. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books, 1993. Print.
Edited book
Miller, John, and Tim Smith, eds. Cape Cod Stories: Tales from Cape Cod, Nantucket, and Martha's Vineyard. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1996. Print.
Please see the sample citation for a chapter or article in an anthology below for information on citing a component of an edited collection.
Numbered edition other than the first
Arking, Robert. The Biology of Aging: Observations and Principles. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print.
Revised edition
Culliney, John L. Islands in a Far Sea: The Fate of Nature in Hawai'i. Rev. ed. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2006. Print.
Multi-volume set
Green, Constance McLaughlin. Washington. 2 vols. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962-63. Print.
In-text citation: (Green 1: 112-14)
"1" is the volume number.
Chapter or article in an anthology
De Maria, Walter. "The Lightning Field." 1980. Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art: A Sourcebook of Artists' Writings. Ed. Kristine Styles and Peter Selz. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. 527-30. Print.
If the piece being cited was previously published, give the original date of publication after its title as shown above. The page numbers of the chapter or article should follow publication information for the book in your citation. Additional examples of citations for anthology contents can be found on pages 158-9 of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.).
More info


Tips:
  • Note on citation elements in books
    Give the city of publication, publisher's name and year of publication (e.g. "New York: Random House, 1977"). If several cities are listed, give only the first. For cities outside the United States, add an abbreviation of the country (or province for Canadian cities) if you think the location will be unfamilar to your readers, for example:

    • Bells Yew Green, Eng.
    • Neepawa, MB
    A complete list of geographic name abbreviations is available on pages 236-40 of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.), and you can always contact the library if you need help finding an abbreviation.

E-Books


Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Kornblum, William. At Sea in the City: New York from the Water's Edge. Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books, 2002. NetLibrary. Web. 23 June 2006.
Free Web
Seton, Ernest Thompson. The Arctic Prairies: A Canoe-Journey of 2,000 Miles in Search of the Caribou. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1911.Project Gutenberg. Web. 8 May 2006.
Book chapter from a library database (suggested format)
Herlong, Mark. "Traces of the Past in Blagden Alley." Washington Palimpsest. Ed. Ryan Shepard. Washington: Reedbird Hill Press, 2005. 102-15. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Apr. 2006.
Library databases may include chapters from books. Information about the publisher of a book can often be found in the description of the chapter in the database. Author and publisher information may be omitted from your citation if it is not available.
More info


Tips:
  • Note on citation elements in e-books
    Give the city of publication, publisher's name and year of publication (e.g. "Boston: David R. Godine, 1977"). If several cities are listed, give only the first. For cities outside the United States, add an abbreviation of the country (or province for Canadian cities) if you think the location will be unfamiliar to your readers, for example:

    • Bells Yew Green, Eng.
    • Neepawa, MB
    A complete list of geographic name abbreviations is available on pages 236-40 of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.), and you can always contact the library if you need help finding an abbreviation.

Web Sites


Source
Works Cited List
Section of a Web site
"Global Sea Turtle Populations Decline." Sea Turtle Restoration Project. 26 May 2002. Web. 22 Sept. 2006.
Entire Web site
Sea Turtle Restoration Project. Sea Turtle Restoration Project. 2006. Web. 5 Aug. 2006.
More info


Online Classroom Materials


Source
Works Cited List
A document in a UMUC online classroom
Whitford, Denny. "Cross-Curricular Initiatives in NSCI170." Document posted in University of Maryland University College NSCI 170 6981 online classroom. 1 Oct. 2006. Web. 22 Dec. 2006.
No official MLA format for citing online classroom materials exists. This is merely a recommended format to use in citing such documents.
More info


Technical and Research Reports


Source
Works Cited List
Free Web
United States. Government Accountability Office. Information Security: Concerted Effort Needed to Consolidate and Secure Internet Connections at Federal Agencies. Mar. 2010. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. <http://www.gao.gov/assets/310/301876.pdf>.
In print
United States. Government Accountability Office. Information Security: Concerted Effort Needed to Consolidate and Secure Internet Connections at Federal  Agencies. Washington: Government Accountability Office, 2010. Print.
More info


Dissertations and Theses

MLA does not provide official citation formats for dissertations and theses retrieved from online sources, but we recommend the use of the following:

Dissertations


Source
Works Cited List
Dissertations and Theses database
Pecore, Joanna Theresa. "Sounding the Spirit of Cambodia: The Living Tradition of Khmer Music and Dance-Drama in a Washington, D.C. Community." Diss. U of Maryland, College Park, 2004. Dissertations and Theses. Web. 12 June 2006.
Free Web
Caprette, Christopher L. "Conquering the Cold Shudder: The Origin and Evolution of Snake Eyes." Diss. Ohio State U, 2005. Web. 9 Aug. 2006.
In print
Caprette, Christopher L. "Conquering the Cold Shudder: The Origin and Evolution of Snake Eyes." Diss. Ohio State U, 2005. Print.
More info


Master's Theses


Source
Works Cited List
Dissertations and Theses database
Harzbecker, Joseph John. "Life and Death in Washington, D.C.: An Analysis of the Mortality Census of 1850." MA thesis U of Massachusetts, Boston, 1999. Dissertations and Theses. Web. 22 Nov. 2006.
Free Web
Angelova, Anelia Nedelcheva. "Data Pruning." MS thesis California Inst. of Technology, 2004. Web. 29 May 2007.
In print
Angelova, Anelia Nedelcheva. "Data Pruning.” MS thesis California Inst. of Technology, 2004. Print.
More info


Tips:
  • For Masters of Science theses, replace "MA" with "MS".

Images

MLA provides limited guidance on citing images: if you are unable to cite the image that you need to using the formats below, please contact us for assistance.

Titled Image


Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Rousseau, Henri. The Ship in the Storm. 1896. Painting. Musee de l'Orangerie, Paris. Grove Art Online. Web. 22 Nov. 2006.
Free Web
Rousseau, Henri. The Ship in the Storm. 1896. Painting. Musee de l'Orangerie, Paris. Web. 8 Aug. 2006.
The collection which owns the image should be included in your citation along with its location as shown above.
Image reproduced in a printed source
Rousseau, Henri. The Ship in the Storm. 1896. Painting. Musee de l'Orangerie, Paris. Henri Rousseau: Jungles in Paris. By Claire Fresches, et al. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 2006. 232. Print.
More info


Untitled Image

If an image is untitled, create a brief, descriptive title for it. Do not italicize this title or place it in quotes, and capitalize only the first word and any proper nouns.
Source
Works Cited List
Library database
Muybridge, Eadweard. Photograph of a horse running. 1887. National Gallery, London. Grove Art Online. Web. 30 Oct. 2006.
Image reproduced in a printed source
Muybridge, Eadweard. Photograph of a horse running. 1887. National Gallery, London. Eadweard Muybridge: The Father of the Motion Picture. By Gordon Hendricks. New York: Grossman, 1975. 202. Print.
Give the number of the page that the image appears on after the book's publication information.
More info


Tips:
  • If known, the collection which owns the image should be included in your citation along with its location as shown above.

Interviews and E-mail Messages


Source
Works Cited List
Interviews
Brown, Jane. Personal interview. 18 Nov. 2006.
Smith, John. Telephone interview. 12 Aug. 2006.
Whiting, Jennifer. E-mail interview. 2-10 Dec. 2005.
To cite an interview you have conducted as part of your research, give the name of the person you interviewed, the type of interview, and the date or range of dates.
E-mail message
Smith, Joe. "The server is down." E-mail to the author. 18 Nov. 2006.
The name of the recipient of the e-mail should be given in the “e-mail to” line. You should refer to yourself as “the author” as shown above if the e-mail was addressed to you by its writer. The date given should be the date the e-mail was sent.
More info
Posted by at No comments:

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Image result for image of citation

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.) and the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing(3rd ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodríguez-Fuentes, Purdue OWL Staff
Last Edited: 2014-03-06 11:05:00
Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered in chapter 6 of the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it's a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

Basic in-text citation rules

In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what is known asparenthetical citation. This method involves placing relevant source information in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase.
General Guidelines
  • The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1.) upon the source medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD) and (2.) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited (bibliography) page.
  • Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the Works Cited List.

In-text citations: Author-page style

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:
Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).
Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).
Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford UP, 1967. Print.

In-text citations for print sources with known author

For Print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.
Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as "symbol-using animals" (3).
Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3).
These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry in the Works Cited:
Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966. Print.

In-text citations for print sources by a corporate author

When a source has a corporate author, it is acceptable to use the name of the corporation followed by the page number for the in-text citation. You should also use abbreviations (e.g., nat'l for national) where appropriate, so as to avoid interrupting the flow of reading with overly long parenthetical citations.

In-text citations for print sources with no known author

When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number.
We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has "more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change . . ." ("Impact of Global Warming" 6).
In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title of the article appears in the parenthetical citation which corresponds to the full name of the article which appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works Cited page. The Works Cited entry appears as follows:
"The Impact of Global Warming in North America." Global Warming: Early Signs. 1999. Web. 23 Mar. 2009.
We'll learn how to make a Works Cited page in a bit, but right now it's important to know that parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages allow readers to know which sources you consulted in writing your essay, so that they can either verify your interpretation of the sources or use them in their own scholarly work.

Author-page citation for classic and literary works with multiple editions

Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work like Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto. In such cases, give the page number of your edition (making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course) followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume (vol.), book (bk.), part (pt.), chapter (ch.), section (sec.), or paragraph (par.). For example:
Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class struggles (79; ch. 1).

Citing authors with same last names

Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials (or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation. For example:
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).

Citing a work by multiple authors

For a source with three or fewer authors, list the authors' last names in the text or in the parenthetical citation:
Smith, Yang, and Moore argue that tougher gun control is not needed in the United States (76).
The authors state "Tighter gun control in the United States erodes Second Amendment rights" (Smith, Yang, and Moore 76).
For a source with more than three authors, use the work's bibliographic information as a guide for your citation. Provide the first author's last name followed by et al. or list all the last names.
Jones et al. counter Smith, Yang, and Moore's argument by noting that the current spike in gun violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun laws (4).
Or
Legal experts counter Smith, Yang, and Moore's argument by noting that the current spike in gun violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun laws (Jones et al. 4).
Or
Jones, Driscoll, Ackerson, and Bell counter Smith, Yang, and Moore's argument by noting that the current spike in gun violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun laws (4).

Citing multiple works by the same author

If you cite more than one work by a particular author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others. Put short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks.

Citing two articles by the same author:
Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children ("Too Soon" 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child's second and third year ("Hand-Eye Development" 17).
Citing two books by the same author:
Murray states that writing is "a process" that "varies with our thinking style" (Write to Learn 6). Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose of writing is to "carry ideas and information from the mind of one person into the mind of another" (A Writer Teaches Writing 3).
Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, you would format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, followed, when appropriate, by page numbers:
Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be "too easy" (Elkins, "Visual Studies" 63).

Citing multivolume works

If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number(s). (If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses.)
. . . as Quintilian wrote in Institutio Oratoria (1: 14-17).

Citing the Bible

In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you're using (and underline or italicize the title), as each version varies in its translation, followed by book (do not italicize or underline), chapter and verse. For example:
Ezekiel saw "what seemed to be four living creatures," each with faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle (New Jerusalem Bible, Ezek. 1.5-10).
If future references employ the same edition of the Bible you’re using, list only the book, chapter, and verse in the parenthetical citation.

Citing indirect sources

Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited in another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted. For example:
Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259).
Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source.

Citing non-print or sources from the Internet

With more and more scholarly work being posted on the Internet, you may have to cite research you have completed in virtual environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be used for scholarly work (reference the OWL's Evaluating Sources of Informationresource), some Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source in your Works Cited.
Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because of the absence of page numbers, but often, these sorts of entries do not require any sort of parenthetical citation at all. For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines:
  • Include in the text the first item that appears in the Work Cited entry that corresponds to the citation (e.g. author name, article name, website name, film name).
  • You do not need to give paragraph numbers or page numbers based on your Web browser’s print preview function.
  • Unless you must list the Web site name in the signal phrase in order to get the reader to the appropriate entry, do not include URLs in-text. Only provide partial URLs such as when the name of the site includes, for example, a domain name, like CNN.com orForbes.com as opposed to writing out http://www.cnn.com or http://www.forbes.com.

Miscellaneous non-print sources

Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo stars Herzog's long-time film partner, Klaus Kinski. During the shooting of Fitzcarraldo, Herzog and Kinski were often at odds, but their explosive relationship fostered a memorable and influential film.
During the presentation, Jane Yates stated that invention and pre-writing are areas of rhetoric that need more attention.
In the two examples above “Herzog” from the first entry and “Yates” from the second lead the reader to the first item each citation’s respective entry on the Works Cited page:
Herzog, Werner, dir. Fitzcarraldo. Perf. Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der Autoren, 1982. Film.
Yates, Jane. "Invention in Rhetoric and Composition." Gaps Addressed: Future Work in Rhetoric and Composition, CCCC, Palmer House Hilton, 2002. Presentation.

Electronic sources

One online film critic stated that Fitzcarraldo is "...a beautiful and terrifying critique of obsession and colonialism" (Garcia, “Herzog: a Life”).
The Purdue OWL is accessed by millions of users every year. Its "MLA Formatting and Style Guide" is one of the most popular resources (Stolley et al.).
In the first example, the writer has chosen not to include the author name in-text; however, two entries from the same author appear in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes both the author’s last name and the article title in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader to the appropriate entry on the Works Cited page (see below). In the second example, “Stolley et al.” in the parenthetical citation gives the reader an author name followed by the abbreviation “et al.,” meaning, “and others,” for the article “MLA Formatting and Style Guide.” Both corresponding Works Cited entries are as follows:
Garcia, Elizabeth. "Herzog: a Life." Online Film Critics Corner. The Film School of New Hampshire, 2 May 2002. Web. 8 Jan. 2009.
Stolley, Karl, et al. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The OWL at Purdue. 10 May 2006. Purdue University Writing Lab. 12 May 2006.

Multiple citations

To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-colon:
. . . as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21).

When a citation is not needed

Common sense and ethics should determine your need for documenting sources. You do not need to give sources for familiar proverbs, well-known quotations or common knowledge. Remember, this is a rhetorical choice, based on audience. If you're writing for an expert audience of a scholarly journal, for example, they'll have different expectations of what constitutes common knowledge.
Posted by at No comments:

Modern Language Association (MLA): In-Text Citation

Image result for image of citation

Modern Language Association (MLA): In-Text Citation

As Joseph Gibaldi suggests in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers: 4th Edition, the key to in-text citation is to "clearly point to specific sources in the list of works cited" (184, author’s boldface).
Examples of the most basic kinds of in-text citation styles are given in the following list. For specific cases or other examples, consult the MLA Handbook.

Basic Format

The basic format for MLA in-text citation is as follows:
  • (Author’s Last Name_Page Number)
  • e.g.,. One author claims that "no one is concerned with this issue" (Jones 45).
If the author’s last name appears in the citation, then only a page number is required:
  • e.g., "Howard Jones argues that ‘no one is concerned with this issue’" (45).

Multiple Authors

Multiple authors are cited in a similar way, although both names are included, and joined by the word "and":
  • e.g., (Cortez and Jones 56)
For more than three authors, use the first author’s last name, followed by the abbreviation "et al.":
  • e.g., (Cortez et al. 378)

Different Authors with the Same Last Name

When citing different authors with the same last name, include enough information so as to be able to differentiate them:
  • e.g., (H. Jones 48); (R. Jones 36)

More Than One Work by the Same Author

If you are citing more than one work by the same author, a combination of several of these methods is needed. For instance, if you have used two sources by the author Howard Jones, a book called The Man with the Horns, and a magazine article called "The Destruction of the American Mind," you might use the following:
  • (Jones, Man 475); (Jones, "Destruction" 34)

Group Authors

When identifying corporate authors, use the same format, but substitute the group name:
  • e.g., (Modern Language Association 68)
The MLA Handbook also recommends that long group names be placed in the text itself, so as to avoid unwieldy in-text citations:
  • e.g., "The Society for the Greater Advancement of the Common Good insists that ‘all people have a right to free health care’" (47).

No Author Available

If no author is available, use a short form of the title (the shortest form that will allow you to recognize the work properly). For instance, if you were working with an article called "Thirty Reasons to Spay Your Pet," you might use the following:
  • ("Thirty Reasons" 26)
If you were working with a book with no author called Belief in the Supernatural, you might use:
  • (Belief 567)

Source within a Source

If you are citing a source that is found within another source, use the abbreviation "qtd. in." For instance if you want to cite musician Miles Davis as he appears in a Nat Hentoff article, you would use the following format:
  • (Davis, qtd. in Hentoff 34)
  • For additional information, please see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (6th edition) and the MLA style website.
Posted by at No comments:

Tuesday, 5 May 2015

EPITHETS IN HOMER

EPITHETS IN HOMER                           8

Page References are to the penguin edition of Martin Hammond's ' Iliad”. Underlined page numbers refer to the Penguin edition of E.V.Rieu's 'Odyssey'.
Epithets are a characteristic of oral poetry and Epic style. Proper names of people and places, ordinary nouns (such as 'ships', 'sea' 'sheep' 'oil' 'cities') have an adjective or adjectival phrase which precedes or follows each.
FUNCTION OF THE EPITHET.
TYPES:
When describing a person, it may indicate
a)      Origin I Home e.g. p.83 'spearmen who lived on the fertile soil of Larisa'
b)      Patronymic e.g. p.51 'Achilles son of Peleus'.
c)      Appearance/State e.g. p.89 'white-armed Andromache; 'fair-haired Menelaus'.
d)      Skill/Art eg. p.103 ‘resourceful Odysseus’; p.54 'swift-footed Achilles' .
e)      Position e.g. p.99 'Agamemnon, king of men'; p.189 'sacred herald'.
f)        Heroic quality / General e.g. p.387 ‘godlike Epeios’; p.2O3 'strong Diomedes’
* List attached showing epithets used for gods and goddesses and main characters. *
2. IMPORTANCE OF EPITHET
A. Characterisation. Epithets identify individuals and give the audience an opportunity to recognise their favourites.
B. Realism.  They appeal to the experience of the audience because of their familiarity with known folk-heroes, places, skills, objects, etc.
C. Colour and vividness in the narrative. They make it possible to visualise what is mentioned. In a long narrative, such as an epic poem, variation and detail must be introduced often to avoid tediousness, especially when there is one main theme -fighting.
D. Formula is made by combination of name plus epithet.
a) This acts as a mnemonic for the bard (aoidos) who is using oral tradition in telling folk tales learnt by heart, though he may also be able to improvise in order to construct a connected narrative while using these blocks of material which fit exactly into the rigid metrical structure. A formula may fill a whole line or a half of one.
b) This formula is a traditional and conventional element in epic - entirely appropriate to the heroic subject-matter and therefore a recognisable quality of the song for the audience.
c) Type (f) - the general epithet which is purely ornamental - will often thus be used without specific relevance to the context and even Types (c) and (d) will be used without particular appropriateness or even to the extent of being contradictory: e.g. p.117  'Aphrodite, smiling goddess'- when she is actually wounded and weeping
d) The frequent repetition of the formulae has something of the same effect as rhyme might have in more modern verse: they are obviously rhythmical, keep up the momentum of the verse and endow the narrative with a kind of poetic quality.
Epithets may therefore be A. Ornamental B. Particular.
3. EPITHETS FOR FAMILIAR OBJECTS
These stimulate the imagination, as poetry should, and assist visual recognition as well as providing colour and detail. N.B. Similes have the same effect and there are more of these in the 'Iliad' than in the 'Odyssey'. (This may be explained partly by the fact that there is more variety of action and direct speech in the 'Odyssey', whereas the 'Iliad' needs the stimulus provided by a simile.)
Epithets are useful to the narrative of both poems. e.g. long-shadowed spear, dear life, yearlings never touched by the goad, fertile land, broad streets, sounding sea, swift horses, black/benched/beaked/balanced ships, useless burden.
These examples can be found throughout and, while they add poetic effect (Ornamental type),they do not necessarily have any particular importance in the context.
There are also blocks of lines which recur like the half-line formulae of epithet plus noun. These usually describe common actions such as harnessing horses, offering a sacrifice, etc.
It has been suggested that the use of such formulae indicates less skill on the part of the poet / bard. This is not entirely the case. It does indicate a different method of composing a poem and one which is appropriate to the age of oral poetry and long, ballad-type poems.
It is clear from internal evidence that bards were much respected and thought to be divinely inspired. cf. Demodocus Od. VIII 487 ff. 'Homer' must have drawn on a long tradition of oral poetry and folk-tales, but his choice of central theme and the relation of the parts to the whole the wonderful craftsmanship following the artistic inspiration is a masterpiece.
The Homeric poems influenced all later epic and other poetry too, became the first flowering of Western literature and the basic element in the education of following generations. What is more, they provided religious and moral precepts in a developing society. The shadowy figure of Homer was revered by all later scholars,  as if he was one of the gods about whom he wrote.

Epithets for Gods and Goddesses

References to page in Hammond (Iliad) and Rieu (Odyssey - underlined)
Aidoneus  - lord of the dead 335; mighty l72
Aphrodite- smiling goddess 117; Kypris 116; golden 131, 408; daughter of Zeus 248
Apollo - son of Zeus 142; loved of Zeus 53; god of the silver bow 143; the unshorn 335; rouser of armies 336; the lord who shoots from afar 52
Ares - curse of men 109; brazen 128; monstrous 127; sacker of cities 337; of the glinting helmet 335; raging 127
Artemis - the archer-goddess 335; of the golden distaff 335
Athene -the bright-eyed 68, 105;  Atrytone 68; daughter of Zeus who holds the aegis 68; Tritogeneia 107
Dawn - tender 61 fresh 122   rosy-fingered 374; in her yellow robe 153; early-born 61
Hephaistos - the famous craftsman 318; great 353; the famous lame god 320
Hera - ox-eyed queen 318; white-armed 64; of the golden throne queenly goddess 125; daughter of the great Kronos 125; of Argos 129
Hermes - messenger 89; son of Zeus 131; Giant-killer 89; kindly 334; greatest of gods in his mind's subtlety 334; the strong one 335
Iris -swift-footed 162; storm-swift 162; swift 259
Persephone -daughter of Zeus 171; dread 177 august 172
Poseidon - earth-shaker 157; dark-haired god powerful lord 225; encircler of the earth 334
Thetis - lovely-haired 319; silver-footed 318 .
Zeus -son of Kronos 319; wide-seeing 62; the father 162; the cloud - gatherer 62; who holds the aegis 125; father of gods and men 25; master of the bright lightening 334; the father of men and gods 257

Epithets for men and women

Achilles -swift-footed 53; godlike 53; shepherd of the people 273; son of Peleus 273; leader of men 132
Agamemnon - wide-ruling; lord of men 74; godlike 101; glorious son of Atreus 53
Aias  - proud 299; royal son of Telamon 147; huge 90; glorious 140; loved of Zeus 137
Aineias - leader of the Trojans 114; lord of men 116; great-hearted 121; son of Anchises 337; counsellor of the Trojans 336
Andromache - daughter of great-hearted Eetion white-armed 138
Alexandros/Paris - Priam's son 141; godlike 141
Antilochus - Nestor's splendid son 186;
Ariadne - lovely~haired 323
Diomedes -godlike great hearted 133; Tydeus' son 158; great spearman 202; strong 203; the horse-tamer 126; master of the war cry 188
Hector - tamer of horses 410; huge 196; shepherd of the people 366; Priam's son of the glinting helmet 141; glorious 252
Helen - long-dressed 90; lovely-haired 150; Argive 168; daughter of a noble house 136; daughter of Zeus who holds the aegis 94
Idomeneus -renowned 135;
Kastor - horse-breaker 90
Menelaus - master of the war-cry 87; glorious 238; excellent 239; fair-haired 91; warrior 91; red-haired 73; son of Atreus
Nestor – godlike 206; Gerenian horseman 155; huge 206; son of Neleus  Pylos-born King  sweet spoken
Odysseus  Zeus' equal in his mind's resource 68; son of Laertes 122; resourceful 181; nimble-witted 93; famous spearman 273; godlike 89; sacker of cities 71; much-enduring 155; gallant 105; stalwart 92; loved of Zeus 193; famed 204; hardy 187; royal 189; great glory of the Achaians 194
Pandaros - Lykaeon's splendid son 111
Patroklos - brave son of Menoitius 279; horseman 273; great-hearted 299; hero 309; poor 308; his kindness, gentle 330
Penelope - wise 324; queen 324; flawless 356; richly-dowered 358; prudent 85; Ikarius' daughter 182; constant 358.
Polydeukes - boxer 90;
Sarpedon - leader of the Lycians 122; lord 283; godlike 287:
Thersites - loose-tongued 69;
Teiresias - Theban 175 Prince 175
V.J. Howe
Posted by at No comments:

EPITHETS AND EPIC SIMILES OF ILIAD


Posted by at No comments:

How to Rapidly Improve Speaking Skills

How to Rapidly Improve Speaking Skills
Posted by at No comments:
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)