CRITERIA FOR SELECTING A RESEARCH PROBLEM

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING A PROBLEM

FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH AND ACTION RESEARCH

QUALITY	FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH	ACTION RESEARCH
AIM	DISCOVERY OF NEW IDEAS, PRINCIPLES AND RULES	IMMEDIATE CHANGE IN ANY SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES	DEVELOP AND TEST NEW EDUCATIONAL THEORIES OBTAIN NEW RULE TO BE GENERALISED	TEST GENERAL PROCEDURES
EXPERTISE	EXPERT TRAINING IS NEEDED	NORMAL TRAINING WILL SUFFICE
NATURE OF THE PROBLEM	ORIGINAL AND COMPREHENSIVE	REGIONAL/NARROW/PERSONAL/PRACTICAL
LOCATING THE PROBLEM	WIDE RANGE OF PROCEDURES VAST AREA	PROBLEM IN THE CLASS ROOM IN TEACHING- LEARNING PROCESS
INVOLVEMENT	RESEARCH WORKER NEED NOT PERSONALLY BE INVOLVED	RESEARCHER IS INVARIABLY INVOLVED
HYPOTHESES	BASED ON RESEARCHES ALREADY CONDUCTED HIGHLY SPECIFIC WELL STATED	BASED ON COLLECTED EVIDENCES
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE SAMPLING	NECESSITATES A THOROUGH AND EXHAUSTIVE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE RANDOM, UNBIASED COMPLICATED PROCEDURES	ONLY GENERAL UNDERSTANDING PUPILS IN THE CLASS ROOM NO PROBLEM OF SAMPLING
DATA COLLECTION	THROUGH PRECISE, RELIABLE  STANDARDISED TOOLS	SELF PREPARED QUESTIONAIRES
DESIGN	CAREFUL ATTENTION	GENERAL PROCEDURES
ANALYSIS OF DATA	COMPLEX ANALYSIS	SIMPLE PROCEDURES
STATISTICAL TREATMENT	STRESS FOR THE SAKE OF OBJECTIVITY	NO STRESS- EVEN SUBJECTIVE VIEWS CAN BE GIVEN
APPLICATION OF RESULTS	FINDINGS CONFINED TO RESEARCH REPORT AND PUBLICATION	FINDINGS ARE APPLIED STRAIGHT AWAY LEADS TO IMPROVEMENT IN TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS
GENERALISATION	CARRIED OUT IN THE LIGHT OF NEW THEORY PROPOUNDED	NO NEED OF GENERALISATION SOLUTION TO PRACTICAL PROBLEM
EVALUATION	EVALUATED BY EXPERTS FOR AWARDING A DEGREE	SELF JUDGEMENT

IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH IN INDEPENDENT INDIA

IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH IN INDEPENDENT INDIA

After India got Independence, a controversy was at its Peak whether English should continue or not. The two views gave their own arguments in for and against the existence of English in India after freedom. Some people opposed English because they thought that it was a foreign language, the language of the British and therefore with the end of their rule, their language should also be abolished. But it was not easy to abolish it at once.

Hence it was given a lease of fifteen years and after that it was to be replaced by Hindi as the national and official language of the country. But when the time for the replacement of English by Hindi came, there was lot of opposition from all sides especially from the south. Nothing could be done in such an atmosphere and finally it was decided that English would remain the official language along with Hindi. English thus got a permanent position in India. It was also felt that in a country where there are many languages, cultures and religious, English would be used as a link language. It was necessary for the existence of unity of our country. In the present scenario English has become the most influential language. Anybody who has good knowledge of English can easily establish himself or herself in the society.

In the field of education, science, technology, engineering, law, medicine, commerce, industry and the diplomatic services English continues to enjoy commanding position. Without English we can't imagine to enter in these fields. Most of the books are available in English. Hence, its knowledge makes us able to read more and more books on different subjects.

English is also an international link language. This is the only language which is used to establish communication all over the world. It is the library language too. Most of the books of technical subjects, science, history etc. have been originally written in English. It is used as code and instruction in the management of library. Hence to gain more and more efficiency in any field of life only the English language can be helpful.

English has become the only widely accepted means of communication in the world. It makes interaction easy. Interaction among the people living in different parts of the world promotes enrichment of culture. We learn different ways of living and we update our knowledge only through interaction. Thus English has occupied the most significant place in India once Nehru said that we should keep open our windows to see the world. English is that window which shows us the world. English has become our necessity. We cannot do nor improve without it. It is the second widely spoken language. Hence we cannot ignore it if we wish to achieve grand success in life. It must be there for its practical advantages.

PLACE OF ENGLISH AFTER INDEPENDENCE

PLACE OF ENGLISH AFTER INDEPENDENCE

    As the responsibility of ruling the country developed during the English rules, they found it necessary to have a body of English knowing Indians to act as their office-assistants. With this end, in view they established a few schools and colleges to each English to the sons of the soil. The Indian readily took advantages of learning the English language because it brought them into closer contact with the rulers and ensured good jobs.

     English thus became the language of administration as well as the medium of instruction in India and, to some extent, the means of subsistence for the rising middle class. In the first place, it served a useful purpose in bringing the different linguistic groups in this muti-lingual country together, and ultimately helping to unite the people, speaking different languages, on a wide political level.

     When the English left India in 1947, our people could not easily decide whether English should continue as the medium of instruction as also as a language of cultural communication. The urge for sending our boys and girls to the so-called English medium schools continued for some time and even now persists largely as a fashion.

     Nothing can be more suicidal than to have a language other than the mother tongue as the medium of instruction. We must think always in our mother tongue. Our power of thinking will cease to be creative and it will cramp if any attempt is made to guide it through the channel of a foreign language, even if it has struck some roots. As a matter of fact, English as the medium of instruction in our schools and colleges has been practically discontinued.

     The next question arises- should English be allowed to continue as the languages of administration. English appears admirably adapted to fulfill the function of administration. We are familiar with its vocabulary, the idioms and fully conversant with its usages. Secondly, our political system is based on the English judicial system, on Western concept of democracy and its variants. But in course of this half-century after the attainment of independence, Hindi as the official state languages, has fairly successfully taken up the place of English and is or its way to further development. There exists elaborate machinery for teaching English, however in India. Superseding English in favour of Hindi- has been undoubtedly a difficult proposition for carrying on the administration. Only a strong feeling of nationalism can check the tendency of the Anglo-philous.

     Our function English continues to discharge for a long time. It has provided us with a suitable medium for communicating with the world, coming in contact with the current scientific and political thought and for absorbing the best elements in the culture of the progressive peoples of the world, as also of other states of our vast country. From this standpoint, it is fortunate that we possess a well-established machinery for teaching the English language in our Schools and Colleges and it is desirable that institutions for teaching English should be allowed to continue to keep abreast of the thoughts of progressive countries of the world.

PLACE OF ENGLISH IN INDIA

PLACE OF ENGLISH IN INDIA

Language is a medium to communicate. In India, several languages are used, English being one of them. English has got a significant place in Indian society. It is the language of the elite class. Generally, English is used in official communication in the country. It is the language of research and advancement. It is the language of computer and Internet. It is therefore, that English has been retained as Associate National Language.

In India a child starts his/her education in English medium. It is a view among the citizens that a child’s bright future lays in good knowledge of English. All the standard texts and study materials are available in English. An English speaking person is regarded as a scholar and an intelligent person. There are several institutions where subjects are taught only in English. The importance of English is increasing day by day. English readership is increasing. It shows aptitude for English knowledge. People prefer English to other languages. It is accepted as an international language. It is seen as a symbol of elegance and smartness. English speaking is a sign of status. It adds to the personality of a person. Its place in India is momentous.

English is becoming popular every day. There is a craze for English in Indian society. In this age of information technology one cannot think of making progress without the knowledge of English. There is an awakening in society towards the learning of English. Our government too has awakened to the importance of English in education curricula. English has been introduced in syllabi right from the early stage. More and more institutions have been opened in for English teaching and learning. English medium schools are thriving even in backward parts of the country. They aired exploiting this rising popularity of English. They are making good money. Today, even a low income family seeks to educate its children in an English medium school. We cannot think of success at the cost of ignoring English. The key to success lies in English learning. Even at higher level English is the medium of instruction. English is the medium of the research and technology. All the research and studies are done in English. Whether it is defense, aviation, airlines, research and technology, institutions of higher studies or foreign affairs, the medium of learning and instruction is English.

English is a global language. It allows us to peep into the whole world. It brings the global community closer.

QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCHER

Basics of Report Writing

Basics of Report Writing from Rajiv Bajaj

RESEARCH REPORT WRITING

Research report from Vishal Singh

RESEARCH REPORT WRITING

Research Report Writing from Meghana Sudhir

RESEARCH REPORT

Interpretation and Report writing from PRIYAN SAKTHI

BASIC PHONETICS FOR TEACHERS

Basic Phonetics for Teachers from ferryangelas

BASIC CONCEPTS IN PHONETICS

Basic concepts in phonetics from William Orellana

PHONETICS

Phonetics powerpoint from melvin cabacaba

METHODS OF TEACHING ENGLISH

Methods of teaching english from Shardabai Pawar College of Education for Women, Shardanagar, Baramati

METHODS OF TEACHING ENGLISH

Methods, approaches and techniques of teaching english from Shardabai Pawar College of Education for Women, Shardanagar, Baramati

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction to Research Methodology from M S Sridhar

Application based Types of research

Application based Types of research

If one examines a research endeavor from the perspective of its application, there are two broad types of research according to this idea.

• Pure Research
• Applied Research

Pure Research: Pure Research is a process that includes improvement and testing of diverse speculations having a place with distinctive fields of life and building speculation on the premise of these improvements and tests. These viewpoints are cannily trying for a scientist yet it is not supported much in our scholastic and reasonable framework. Thus, this kind of exploration includes exceptionally restricted sort of works like theory holding theoretical and ideas that are as of now been specific. Besides, immaculate Research is additionally concerned with the thought of advancement, check of replies to distinctive inquiries and refinement of exploration systems. It likewise joins magnificence in method, methods and devices utilized by the analyst that structure the group of exploration approach. sample of unadulterated exploration incorporates creating a testing procedure that might be connected to a specific circumstance; creating a strategy to evaluate the legitimacy of a methodology; creating an instrument, say, to measure the anxiety level in individuals; and discovering the most ideal method for measuring the individuals’ state of mind towards diverse sort of plans. To add to the current collection of the exploration routines, the learning created through the unadulterated examination is utilized.

Applied research: In the field of social sciences the greater part of the exploration is connected. In more basic words, in includes the application of the components like methodology, methods and strategies that structure the assortment of a decent research, and their sole reason in reached out to the gathering of data about different parts of a circumstance. It likewise includes such issues, issues and sensation that can help in social event data that can additionally be utilized within different courses also. These different ways may incorporate methodology of strategy arrangement, organization making and upgrade of understanding of a wonder.

TYPES OF RESEARCH

What are types of research methods

Research can be done through different types of research methods we will be going to discuss types of research methods below in detail.

Basic Research: The exploration which is defeated information upgrades the examination which does not have prompt business potential. The exploration which is ruined human welfare, creature welfare and plant kingdom welfare. It is called basic, pure, fundamental examination. The primary inspiration is to extend man’s information, not to make or imagine something. There is no evident business quality to the findings that come about because of fundamental examination. Fundamental exploration set out the establishment for the connected examination.

Applied Research: Applied exploration is intended to tackle functional issue of the cutting edge world, instead of to get learning for knowledge purpose. The objective of connected examination is to enhance the human condition. It concentrates on investigation and tackling social and genuine issues. This exploration is by and large led on huge scale premise, it is unmanageable. As being what is indicated, it regularly directed with the backing of some financing org like government, open partnership, World Bank, UNICEF etc. As indicated by chase, “connected exploration is an examination for methods for utilizing exploratory information to take care of handy issues” for instance, enhance farming yield generation, treat or cure a particular sickness, boost the strength efficiency homes, work places, by what means can correspondence among laborers in expansive organizations be moved forward? Connected examination could be further delegated issue arranged and critical thinking exploration. Issue situated exploration: examination is carried out by industry summit body for sorting out issues confronted by all the organizations. Such as, WTO does issue turned examination for creating nations, in India farming and prepared sustenance trade improvement power (APEDA) conduct general exploration for the profit of agric-industry. Critical thinking:-this sort of examination is carried out by an individual organization for the issue confronted by it. Promoting research and statistical surveying are the connected examination.

Quantitative Research: Quantitative examination means to measure the amount or sum and contrasts it and past records and tries to extend for future period. The destination of quantitative research is to formulate and utilize numerical models, speculations or theory relating to phenomena. The procedure of estimation is fundamental to quantitative exploration on the grounds that it gives crucial association between observational perception and numerical articulation of quantitative connections. Facts are the most broadly utilized extension of science as a part of quantitative examination. Measurable techniques are utilized widely with as a part of fields, for example, matters in profit making and trade. Quantitative exploration including the utilization of organized inquiries, where the reaction alternatives have been Pre-decided and huge number of respondents is involved.

Qualitative Research: Qualitative examination displays non-qualitative sort of dissection. Qualitative exploration is gathering, investigating and translating information by watching what individuals do and say. Qualitative exploration alludes to the implications, definitions, attributes, images, analogies, and portrayal of things. Qualitative exploration is a great deal more subjective and uses altogether different routines for gathering information, mainly individual, in depth talks with and center gatherings. The way of this sort of exploration is exploratory and open finished. Little number of individuals are questioned in profundity as well as a generally little number of center gatherings are led. Qualitative exploration could be further arranged in the accompanying sort. I. Phenomenology:-a manifestation of exploration in which the specialist endeavors to see how one or more people encounter a marvel. Such as, we may question 20 casualties of Bhopal disaster. II. Ethnography: this sort of exploration concentrates on depicting the society of a gathering of individuals. A society is the imparted qualities, values, standards, practices, dialect, and material things of a gathering of individuals. We can have the example like; the specialist may choose to run and live with the tribal in Andaman Island and study the society and the instructive practices. III. Careful investigation:-is a type of qualitative research that is centered on giving a point by point record of one or more cases.